Finding the Perfect eSIM for Your Australia Trip
Australia is big, bold, and spread out. From Sydney Harbour and Melbourne’s laneways to the Gold Coast, the Great Barrier Reef, Uluru, and Western Australia’s coastline, reliable data is essential for navigation, ride shares, bookings, maps, and staying in touch.
Quick Comparison: Top eSIM Providers for Australia
Snapshot of the leading eSIM options for Australia. Use this table to shortlist and help you find the best esim, then review the detailed breakdowns below.
| Rank | Provider | Rating | Network Partner |
Plans Available |
Starting Price |
Best For |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ⭐ eSIM4 | 4.8/5 | Optus 5G |
13 options | $2.98 | Best overall value & flexibility |
| 2 | Saily | 4.7/5 | Major AU networks |
12+ options | $3.99 | Security-focused travelers |
| 3 | Airalo | 4.7/5 | Optus | 15+ options | $4.00 | Multi-country & regional plans |
| 4 | aloSIM | 4.6/5 | Optus | 7 options | $4.00 | Local AU number included |
| 5 | Nomad | 4.6/5 | Optus | 12+ options | $4.00 | Simple & beginner-friendly |
| 6 | GigSky | 4.4/5 | Major networks with 5G |
10+ options | Free | Free trial & unlimited hotspot |
| 7 | Roamless | 4.3/5 | Telstra and Optus |
Pay-as-you-go | $2.45/GB | Non-expiring data |
| 8 | Holafly | 4.2/5 | Premium AU networks |
Unlimited only | $3.90/day | Unlimited data needs |
Top eSIM Providers for Australia
Below is a concise breakdown of how each reliable esim and esim provider performs specifically in Australia, using real pricing and current esim companies with best esims in australia.
eSIM4
Best overall eSIM for Australia
eSIM4 is our esim recommendation for Australia. It combines aggressive promotional pricing, Optus 5G coverage in major cities, 4G along key tourist corridors, and an extensive range of plans from short stays to long working holidays.
eSIM4 Australia Plans & Pricing
| Data Amount | Validity | Price | Cost per GB | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1GB | 7 days | $2.98 | $2.98 | Short city breaks |
| 3GB | 30 days | $6.98 | $2.33 | Messaging, maps, light socials |
| 5GB | 30 days | $9.98 | $2.00 | 1-week classic tourist trip |
| 10GB | 30 days | $16.98 | $1.70 | Navigation, socials, some video |
| 20GB | 30 days | $28.98 | $1.45 | Longer trips, remote work light |
Coverage Quality by Region
| Location Type | Coverage Quality | Network Speed |
|---|---|---|
| Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane | Excellent | 5G |
| Perth, Adelaide, Gold Coast | Excellent | 5G |
| Cairns, Hobart, Darwin | Very Good | 4G/5G |
| Great Ocean Road, coastal highways | Good | 4G |
| Remote Outback regions | Limited | 3G/4G |
Key Features
| Feature | Available | Details |
|---|---|---|
| 5G Access | Yes | Included in major metro areas |
| Hotspot/Tethering | Yes | Allowed on all listed plans |
| Instant Activation | Yes | QR code or direct install link |
| 24/7 Support | Yes | WhatsApp, email, in-app chat |
| Top-ups | Yes | Manage in app quickly |
| KYC Required | No | Fast purchase and setup |
| Calls/SMS | Optional | Available via partner app add-ons |
Activation Process
Order on esim4.com and your eSIM arrives by email. iPhones on a recent iOS can tap its Direct Installation link to install. Any phone can scan its QR code or take details entered by hand. In Australia, enable data roaming for your eSIM4 line only. Turn off data switching on your phone. Top up later through your email’s link or Yabb’s app.
Price
In Australia, eSIM4 plans start at $2.98 for 1 GB over 7 days. For a month, 5 GB costs $9.98 and 10 GB costs $16.98. If you stream a lot, 20 GB / 30 days is $28.98. Unlimited plans run from $9.98 for 3 days to $64.98 for 30 days.
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Excellent value across 12 Australia-specific plans.
- Optus 5G coverage in major cities.
- Instant digital activation, no ID registration required.
- Hotspot included on all plans.
- 24/7 customer support and easy top-ups.
- Unlimited options for short high-usage trips.
Cons
- Data-only by default; calls/SMS require app-based solutions.
- Remote Outback coverage limited, like all non-satellite options.
Saily
Security-focused eSIM with Nord Security stack
Saily connects to Optus and maintains coverage across popular travel destinations. The service offers plans ranging from 1GB to unlimited data for 5-30 day durations, with regional Asia-Oceania options available. Their Ultra Plan includes premium security tools like NordVPN, NordPass, and NordLocker. Unlimited plans throttle to 1Mbps after 5GB daily usage, and hotspotting is supported across all plans.
Coverage
Saily’s Australia page names Optus as its local network and calls it one of Australia’s largest. To keep your data on Optus through Saily, turn off mobile data switching once you arrive.
Activation Process
Saily’s app installs your eSIM when you tap Install eSIM. Bought on saily.com instead? A QR code comes by email. If an app install fails, Saily suggests a QR code or manual setup. Get it on your phone before you leave for Australia. Running low later? Add data in Saily’s app, or switch on Auto top-up.
Price
Saily starts at $3.99 for 1 GB over 7 days in Australia. A 5 GB / 30-day plan costs $10.99. For 20 GB / 30 days, Saily charges $29.99 against eSIM4’s $28.98. Unlimited data begins at $18.99 for 5 days and reaches $71.99 for 30 days.
Saily Australia & Regional Plans & Pricing
| Region | Data allowance | Duration | Price (USD) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | 1GB | 7 days | $3.99 |
| Australia | 3GB | 30 days | $7.99 |
| Australia | 5GB | 30 days | $10.99 |
| Australia | 10GB | 30 days | $17.99 |
| Australia | 20GB | 30 days | $29.99 |
| Australia | Unlimited GB | 10-30 days | $33.24-68.39 |
| Asia and Oceania | 1GB | 7 days | $4.74 |
| Asia and Oceania | 3GB | 30 days | $11.87 |
| Asia and Oceania | 5GB | 30 days | $18.52 |
| Asia and Oceania | 10GB | 30 days | $34.19 |
| Asia and Oceania | 50GB | 90 days | $91.19 |
| Asia and Oceania | 100GB | 180 days | $170.99 |
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Local, regional, and global plans available.
- Virtual location feature for enhanced privacy.
- Built-in ad blocker and web protection.
- 24/7 customer support.
- Premium security bundle with Ultra Plan.
- No KYC required for most plans.
Cons
- Data-only plans (no phone number).
- Higher pricing on mid-range and unlimited tiers.
- Throttling to 1Mbps after 5GB daily on unlimited plans.
Airalo
Global brand with Optus-backed Australia coverage
Airalo operates on Optus network in Australia, delivering LTE across cities and major travel routes. With coverage in 200+ regions globally, plans range from 1GB for 3 days up to unlimited data for 30 days. Regional Oceania plans cover 8 neighboring countries, while Global plans include local phone numbers for calls and texts. The service offers multiple eSIM activation methods and flexible top-up options for extending data when needed.
Coverage
Optus is Airalo’s primary network in Australia. Plans support 5G where Optus offers it. Before you buy, open Airalo’s Australia page and follow its link to every network this eSIM may use.
Activation Process
Airalo’s app handles purchase and setup, and airalo.com works too. Both need an account. Your delivery email carries an instructions PDF. Install early on a stable connection. In Australia, turn on this line, choose it for data, and set data roaming as Airalo’s app instructs. Turn Allow Cellular Data Switching off.
Price
Entry-level data costs $4.00 for 1 GB over 3 days. For a month, 10 GB costs $18.00, set against $16.98 at eSIM4. Heavy users can pick 50 GB / 30 days for $45.00. Unlimited data runs from $11.50 for 3 days up to $66.50 for 30 days.
Airalo Australia & Oceania Plans & Pricing
| Region | Data allowance | Duration | Price (USD) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | 1-3GB | 3 days | $4.00-7.00 |
| Australia | 3-10GB | 7 days | $7.50–15.00 |
| Australia | 5-20GB | 15 days | $9.50-26.00 |
| Australia | 5-50GB | 30 days | $10.00-40.00 |
| Australia | Unlimited GB | 3-30 days | $10.50-59.00 |
| Oceania | 1GB | 7 days | $4.00 |
| Oceania | 2GB | 15 days | $7.50 |
| Oceania | 3-20GB | 30 days | $9.50-43.50 |
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Extensive global network coverage (200+ regions).
- Optus network connectivity.
- 24/7 customer support.
- Flexible top-up options.
- Multiple eSIM activation methods.
- Global plans include SMS and calling.
Cons
- Requires eKYC verification for certain regions.
- Higher pricing than eSIM4 on matching plans.
- No pay-as-you-go options.
- Expensive unlimited tier ($66.50 for 30 days).
aloSIM
Australian phone number included for calls and texting
aloSIM connects through Optus network, offering LTE coverage in Australian cities. Plans include local Australian data packages starting at 1GB with flexible durations up to 30 days. A key differentiator is the inclusion of an Australian phone number for calling and texting. The unlimited option throttles speeds to 512 Kbps after 1.5GB daily under fair-use policy. Global plans are available for travel beyond Australia.
Coverage
aloSIM’s Australia page lists Optus under Current networks, and aloSIM’s app shows it under eSIM features. This eSIM stays on your phone after your trip, so a later visit needs no new install.
Activation Process
Get aloSIM’s app on iPhone or Android, or buy on alosim.com. Under My eSIMs, automatic install is fastest. A QR code scanned off a second screen, or manual codes, also work. On travel day, turn on data roaming for this eSIM and set it as your cellular data line. Your package starts once it connects in Australia.
Price
aloSIM charges $4.00 for 1 GB / 7 days in Australia, where eSIM4 asks $2.98. A 2 GB / 15-day plan is $6.50. Monthly plans include 10 GB for $18.00. Unlimited data starts at $11.50 for 3 days, and 30 days unlimited costs $66.50.
aloSIM Australia Plans & Pricing
| Region | Data allowance | Duration | Price (USD) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | 1GB | 7 days | $4.00 |
| Australia | 2GB | 15 days | $6.50 |
| Australia | 3GB | 30 days | $8.00 |
| Australia | 5GB | 30 days | $11.00 |
| Australia | 10GB | 30 days | $18.00 |
| Australia | 20GB | 30 days | $30.00 |
| Australia | Unlimited | 10 days | $32.00 |
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Australian phone number for calling and texting included.
- Twelve local Australian plans.
- Simple eSIM installation process.
- User-friendly mobile app.
- Competitive pricing on smaller plans.
Cons
- No regional plans covering Australia.
- No global plan options.
- Severe speed throttling to 512 Kbps on unlimited plan.
- Higher cost for larger data packages ($30 for 20GB).
Nomad
Clean app and straightforward experience with 5G support
Nomad operates on Optus and Telstra networks, providing 4G and 5G coverage across Australian cities, coastal areas, and regional zones. Plans range from 1GB to unlimited data with durations up to 60 days for regional packages. Pricing starts at $4.00 for 1GB, with a free 1GB trial available for new users. Regional plans include other Asia-Pacific destinations. The service supports hotspotting across all plans and offers straightforward QR-based activation.
Coverage
Nomad’s Australia page lists Optus and Telstra, and plans support 5G where those networks have it. Telstra runs Australia’s largest mobile network. In Nomad’s app, Plan Details shows both under Network.
Activation Process
Nomad recommends a QR code install, using a code from your purchase email or in-app instructions. Typing codes in by hand, or installing through Nomad’s app, are other routes. Install before you fly, then switch your eSIM on in Australia. Select it for mobile data, enable data roaming, and restart your phone. Some plans also need an APN set.
Price
A 3 GB / 30-day plan costs $7.00, two cents more than eSIM4’s. At 20 GB / 30 days, Nomad’s $24.00 is under eSIM4’s $28.98. Its 50 GB / 30-day plan for $32.00 gives this page’s lowest price per GB. Unlimited data costs $11.00 for 3 days and $29.00 for 10 days.
Nomad Australia & Regional Plans & Pricing
| Region | Data allowance | Duration | Price (USD) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | 1GB | 7 days | $4.00 |
| Australia | 3GB | 30 days | $7.00 |
| Australia | 5GB | 30 days | $10.00 |
| Australia | 10GB | 30 days | $15.00 |
| Australia | 20GB | 30 days | $24.00 |
| Australia | 50GB | 30 days | $32.00 |
| Australia | Unlimited GB | 3-10 days | $12.00-33.00 |
| Southeast Asia-Oceania | 1GB | 7 days | $6.00 |
| Southeast Asia-Oceania | 3GB | 30 days | $12.00 |
| Southeast Asia-Oceania | 5GB | 30 days | $14.00 |
| Southeast Asia-Oceania | 10GB | 30 days | $17.00 |
| Southeast Asia-Oceania | 20GB | 45 days | $24.00 |
| Southeast Asia-Oceania | 30GB | 60 days | $45.00 |
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Free 1GB trial for new users.
- Local, regional, and global data plans.
- Hassle-free eSIM setup and activation.
- Supports 5G speeds.
- User-friendly app interface.
- No KYC checks required.
Cons
- Higher base pricing ($4 for 1GB).
- Data-only service (no phone number included).
- No pay-as-you-go options.
- Limited unlimited plan durations (3-10 days only).
GigSky
Unlimited hotspot and free trial
Plans range from 1GB to unlimited data, with pricing starting at $4.99 for 1GB. A standout feature is the 100MB free trial available in Australia. The service supports unlimited hotspot usage without caps, unlike most providers. Regional, global, and cruise plans are available. Unlimited plans throttle after 2.5GB daily, though data doesn’t expire.
Coverage
GigSky does not name its local network for Australia. Its app’s View Details screen lists covered countries, not operators. GigSky calls itself a mobile operator rather than a reseller, but gives no Australian network name.
Activation Process
GigSky sells plans in its mobile app and web app. For your own phone, pick Install on this device. Installing onto a second device uses a code from that app. You get a full year to install after purchase. Once in Australia, turn on Data Roaming for your GigSky line and check its APN reads gigsky.
Price
A day of unlimited data costs $4.99. A 10 GB / 30-day plan is $29.99, well above eSIM4’s $16.98 for that plan. GigSky also sells long plans, such as 50 GB over 90 days for $82.49. Unlimited 7 days costs $34.99, and 30 days runs $94.49.
GigSky Australia Plans & Pricing
| Region | Data allowance | Duration | Price (USD) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | 100MB | 7 days | Free |
| Australia | 1GB | 7 days | $4.99 |
| Australia | 3GB | 15 days | $11.99 |
| Australia | 5GB | 30 days | $19.99 |
| Australia | 10-100GB | 30-180 days | $25.49-105.39 |
| Australia | Unlimited GB | 1-30 days | $4.99-63.74 |
| Asia Pacific | 100MB | 7 days | Free |
| Asia Pacific | 1-100GB | 7 days | $5.99-161.99 |
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Free 100MB trial for new users.
- Local, regional, global, and cruise plans.
- Both fixed and unlimited data options.
- Quick and easy eSIM installation.
- Unlimited hotspot usage with no caps.
- Unique cruise plan offerings.
Cons
- Speed throttling after 2.5GB daily on unlimited plans.
- User interface needs improvement.
- Limited live support integration.
- KYC may be required for certain countries.
Roamless
Dual-network access with non-expiring pay-as-you-go plans
Roamless connects to both Telstra and Optus networks in Australia, offering 4G coverage across cities and regional areas. The service features a unique pay-as-you-go model at $2.45/GB that works in 200+ countries with no expiration. Fixed plans are also available ranging from 1-50GB. All new users receive 500MB free. Hotspotting works smoothly, and unused data carries forward indefinitely for future trips anywhere globally.
Coverage
Telstra and Optus both appear on Roamless’s list of available networks for Australia. Tap the (i) icon in Roamless’s app for its latest list. Your Roamless eSIM has no expiry date, so it can stay on your phone for later trips.
Activation Process
Install Roamless’s eSIM at home with one click in its iOS or Android app. QR and manual codes are there as backups. Buying an Australia plan early costs no days, since validity begins with your first KB of data there. On arrival, set this eSIM as your data line and enable its data roaming.
Price
At $3.84, Roamless’s 1-day unlimited plan is this page’s lowest unlimited entry. Capped plans start at $3.95 for 1 GB / 30 days. Its 20 GB / 30-day plan costs $29.95, 97 cents above eSIM4’s $28.98. Ten days of unlimited data is $29.40, below eSIM4’s $30.98.
Roamless Australia Plans & Pricing
| Region | Data allowance | Pricing | Validity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Free eSIM Trial | 500MB | Free | No expiration |
| Australia fixed plans | 1-20GB | $3.95-29.95 | 30 days |
| Australia | 1GB | $2.45 | No expiration |
| Australia | 3GB | $7.35 | No expiration |
| Australia | 5GB | $12.25 | No expiration |
| Australia | 10GB | $24.50 | No expiration |
| Australia | 20GB | $49.00 | No expiration |
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Dual-network access (Telstra and Optus).
- Non-expiring pay-as-you-go plans.
- Works in 200+ countries and regions.
- Free 500MB trial for new users.
- Unused data rolls over indefinitely.
- No KYC required for standard plans.
Cons
- Fixed 20GB plan costs $29.95, 97 cents more than eSIM4’s.
- No shareable phone number for contacts.
- Live chat support not immediate.
- In-app calling feature (RoamlessNumbers) not yet available.
Holafly
Unlimited data specialist with customizable durations
Holafly operates on Optus, offering 4G in major cities like Sydney, Melbourne, and the Gold Coast. The service specializes in unlimited data with customizable plan durations from 1 to 90 days. Pricing is based on daily rates starting at $3.90 per day, with better value on longer stays (around $1.55/day for 90 days). Hotspotting is supported but limited to 500MB daily. The app features QR-based installation and an intuitive interface.
Coverage
Holafly’s Australia page lists Optus as its network. Optus is one of Australia’s main national carriers. To join it, switch on data roaming for your Holafly line after you land.
Activation Process
Holafly’s app installs your eSIM with one button. Website buyers at esim.holafly.com get a QR code by email straight away, ready to scan or long-press. Holafly suggests installing at least a day early and activating once you land in Australia. Leave Allow Mobile Data Switching off to avoid extra roaming charges.
Price
Holafly sells unlimited data only, priced by length of stay. A week costs $27.50, compared with $24.98 for eSIM4’s 7-day unlimited plan. Fifteen days is $51.50. A full 30 days costs $76.50, while eSIM4 charges $64.98 for its 30-day unlimited plan.
Holafly Australia Plans & Pricing
| Region | Data allowance | Duration | Price (USD) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | Unlimited | 1-30 days | $3.90-$139.90 |
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Unlimited data plans.
- Runs on the Optus network.
- Easy QR-based eSIM installation.
- Sleek, intuitive app interface.
- Customizable duration (1-90 days).
- Better daily rates on longer stays.
Cons
- Expensive daily pricing model ($76.50 for 30 days).
- Severe 500MB daily hotspot limitation.
- No calls or SMS support.
- No regional plans covering Australia.
- May require KYC for certain regions or after purchase.
Best eSIM For Australia: My Verdict
After thoroughly comparing all major esim providers available for australia, eSIM4 emerges as the clear winner for most travelers heading to australia. Here’s why eSIM4 is my top recommendation:
Why eSIM4 Is The Best eSIM For Australia
- Unbeatable Value: With plans starting at just $2.98 for 1GB, eSIM4 offers the best coverage and lowest prices among all esim companies and esim providers.
- Optus 5G Coverage: Access fast 5G speeds in major cities across sydney, melbourne, brisbane, perth, and other key destinations when travelling in australia.
- Extensive Plan Options: 13+ different data plans ranging from light usage to unlimited data means you’ll find the perfect fit for your travel esim needs.
- Instant Activation: No KYC verification required – activate your esim instantly before you land in australia.
- Integrated Calling & SMS: Combine eSIM4 with Yabb to get reliable calling and SMS services alongside your data.
- 24/7 Support: Access round-the-clock customer support via WhatsApp, email, and in-app chat if you encounter any issues.
- No Hidden Fees: Transparent pricing with up to 51% promotional discounts on selected esim cards and plans.
- Hotspot Included: Use your data to share connectivity with travel companions – hotspotting is allowed on all eSIM4 plans.
However, for the vast majority of travelers planning a trip to australia, eSIM4 offers the perfect balance of affordability, reliability, and coverage.
Get eSIM4 For Australia →How To Make Calls With eSIM In Australia
Most travel esim options like eSIM4 provide data-only plans, which means you’ll use internet-based calling apps to make phone calls while heading to australia. However, there’s also a dedicated solution specifically designed for calling with your eSIM: Yabb.
Using Yabb for International Calls with Your eSIM
Yabb is owned by eSIM4 and provides a seamless way to make international calls using your eSIM data connection. With Yabb, you can:
Yabb Calling Features
- Pay As You Go: Purchase calling minutes as you need them with flexible calling packages.
- Clear Call Quality: Enjoy crystal-clear quality connections for your calls.
- Call Anywhere: Make calls to friends and family on any landline or mobile, no matter where you are in australia.
- Multiple Countries: Call to 200+ countries worldwide with competitive rates.
- No Hidden Fees: Transparent pricing with no surprise charges or contracts.
- Download the App: Available on both iPhone App Store and Google Play.
Yabb integrates perfectly with your eSIM4 data plan, allowing you to make calls without relying solely on WhatsApp, FaceTime, or other apps. This is especially useful if you need to call local Australian numbers for bookings, reservations, or emergencies while travelling in australia.
Learn More About Yabb Calling →How To Send Text Messages With eSIM
Sending text messages internationally is easy with eSIM, and if you’re using eSIM4, you have the option to use Yabb for SMS messaging as well. Most esim providers offer data-only plans, but Yabb provides a dedicated SMS service that works perfectly with your travel esim setup.
Yabb SMS Messaging Service
Yabb allows you to send and receive text messages to 200+ countries, making it ideal for staying in touch while you’re using your eSIM in australia. Here’s what you need to know:
Yabb SMS Features
- Pay As You Go: Purchase different esim data packages as needed – from 100 SMS credits to 5000+ credits.
- Flexible Packages: Choose from various SMS credit options without committing to contracts.
- Global Coverage: Send text messages to friends and family across 200+ countries.
- Text Anywhere: Send and receive SMS messages from anywhere in australia using your eSIM.
- No Hidden Fees: No hidden charges or surprise fees – what you buy is what you get.
- Receive Messages: Get text messages to your Yabb number included with your SMS credit package.
When you’re travelling in australia with an eSIM4 data plan, having Yabb SMS as a backup ensures you can always reach out to friends, family, or make important reservations via text message. This combination of esim data and SMS service gives you complete connectivity without relying solely on data-dependent messaging apps.
Learn More About Yabb SMS →Frequently Asked Questions About eSIMs for Australia
Which is the best esim provider and best esim options available for Australia?
For most travelers, eSIM4 offers the best overall mix of value, best coverage, and flexibility on Optus 5G. aloSIM is ideal for those needing a local number, and Airalo or Saily are strong if you want multi-country or added security. GigSky offers a free trial, while Roamless provides non-expiring data.
How do I purchase and activate an eSIM in Australia?
1) Purchase your esim and choose your plan online before you fly. 2) Scan the QR code or install via the provider’s app to install your esim. 3) Set the eSIM as your mobile data line and enable data roaming. 4) When you land in Australia and connect to the partner network, your eSIM activates automatically.
Is my phone compatible with an esim card?
Most modern phones support eSIM, including iPhone XS or newer, Google Pixel 3 or newer, Samsung Galaxy S20 series and above. Check in Settings for “Add eSIM” or “Add mobile plan” to see if your device can use a travel esim or esim option.
How much data do I need and what are the best data plans for Australia?
Light users: 5–7GB for a week. Average users: 10–20GB for 2 weeks. Heavy users: 30GB+ or short-term unlimited. When planning a trip to australia, consider your specific data usage. Holafly esim offers the best esim options for unlimited data lovers.
Are eSIMs cheaper than international roaming?
Yes. Typical roaming from your home carrier can cost $10–15 per day. With an Australian eSIM, you can often cover an entire week for less than one day of roaming, with clearer control over usage and no bill shock.

Written by Peter Moore – eSIM Content Writer